Oklahoma – Native American, Plains Tribes, Sovereignty

Constitutional framework

The general structure of the state’s constitution (1907; still in force but frequently amended) is similar to those of other states, but Oklahomans strengthened the legislature by limiting the governor’s appointive powers and ability to serve consecutive terms—although the latter prohibition was removed in 1966—and by making the judiciary elective. Also unusual at the time was the constitutional provision of the citizens’ right to initiate legislation by popular initiative and referendum. The governor is elected for four years. In the bicameral state legislature, members of the Senate are elected for four-year terms and members of the House of Representatives for terms of two years. By constitutional provision, cities with populations of 2,000 or more can use a council-manager form of government.

A major governmental change was the revision of the state’s court system in 1967, which abolished justices of the peace and established selection of major judgeships according to what has become known as the Missouri Plan. Under this plan, judges are nominated by a joint commission chosen by the governor and the state bar association rather than by the political parties. The court system encompasses the Supreme Court, the Court of Civil Appeals, the Court of Criminal Appeals, and district courts. The Supreme Court has exclusive appellate jurisdiction in civil cases—which it may, at its discretion, assign to the Court of Civil Appeals—while the Court of Criminal Appeals has exclusive appellate jurisdiction in criminal cases. Judges are elected for a term of six years. The Court of Appeals, with a judge elected from each congressional district, hears only cases assigned to it by the Supreme Court, and there is no appeal from its decisions to other state courts. The district courts are the courts of original jurisdiction for all civil and criminal trials. A workers’ compensation court hears injury-compensation claims.

For much of the state’s early history, Oklahoma voters favoured the Democratic Party. Even when the state supported Republican presidential nominees, normally that party could hope for only one or two congressional seats, and it was not until 1962 that it won the governorship. Throughout the late 20th century, however, the Republican Party gathered strength. By the early 21st century the state was considered a Republican “safe” state in presidential elections, and most of its members of Congress were Republicans; in the 2008 presidential election, not a single Oklahoma county was delivered to the Democratic candidate, Barack Obama. The governorship and other state and local offices are typically traded off between Democrats and Republicans. Oklahomans have a history of giving strong support to third parties; in 1914 the Socialists received 52,703 votes, and in 1968 the Southern states’ rights (American Independent Party) candidate, George C. Wallace, received more than 20 percent of the total vote.

Women are unusually well represented in Oklahoma politics, in all branches of government and at all levels. Minorities, notably Native Americans, are also prominent in state administration.